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Catholic Church in England and Wales
The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope. Celtic Christianity, with some traditions different from those of Rome, was present in Roman Britain from the first century AD, but after the departure of the Roman legions was in retreat to paganism. In 597 AD, the first authoritative papal mission, establishing a direct link from the Kingdom of Kent to the See of Rome and to the Benedictine form of monasticism, was carried into effect by Augustine of Canterbury.
The English Church continuously adhered to See of Rome for almost a thousand years from the time of Augustine of Canterbury, but in 1534, during the reign of King Henry VIII, the church, through a series of legislative acts between 1533 and 1536〔Dairmaid MacCulloch, ''The Reformation'' (New York: Viking, 2003), 193–4. MacCulloch: "This program became a series of legislative acts steered through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 by a new chief minister, the obscurely born Thomas Cromwell...."〕 became independent from the Pope for a period as the Church of England, a national church with Henry declaring himself Supreme Head.〔http://www.newadvent.org/cathen The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' says this: "Before the breach with Rome under Henry VIII there was absolutely no doctrinal difference between the faith of Englishmen and the rest of Catholic Christendom, and 'Anglicanism', as connoting a separate or independent religious system, was unknown. The name ''Ecclesia Anglicana'', or English Church, was of course employed, but always in the Catholic and Papal use of the term as signifying that part of the one Catholic Church under the jurisdiction of the Pope which was situated in England, and precisely in the same way as the Church in Scotland was called the ''Ecclesia Scotticana''. the Church in France, the ''Ecclesia Gallicana'', and the Church in Spain the ''Ecclesia Hispanica''. That such national or regional appellations were a part of the style of the Roman Curia itself, and that they in no sense could have implied any indication of independence from Rome, is sufficiently well known to all who are familiar with pre-Reformation records."〕〔Martin Marty, "Protestantism", ''The Encyclopedia of Religion'' (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1987) Vol. 12, 26. Marty, a University of Chicago historian and Lutheran, says this: "Although it (Church of England ) has kept faith in the apostolic succession of bishops and has retained many pre-Reformation practices, the Anglican communion as it has existed since the break with Rome under Henry VIII in the sixteenth century is vastly different from the Catholic church under Roman papal obedience in England before and since the Reformation. In short, the Waldensians, the Czech groups, and the Anglicans alike were, and were seen to be, part of the Protestant revolt from both the viewpoints of Roman Catholic leadership and historical scholarship ever since.〕〔T. S. Eliot ''The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry'' (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), 87. Eliot says this about pre-Reformation Europe: "Men had lived for centuries under a church which was the incorporated ''sensus communis'' of Europe."〕 Under Henry's son, Edward VI, the Church of England became more influenced by the European Protestant movement.
The English Church was brought back under full papal authority in 1553, at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary,〔Loades, pp. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198〕 and Catholicism was enforced by the Marian persecutions; however, when Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, the Church of England's independence from Rome was reasserted through the settlement of 1559, which shifted the Church of England's teaching and practice, and in the Act of Uniformity, which caused a rift between Catholics and Queen.〔Fourteen Roman Catholic bishops appointed by Mary I were dismissed from their sees. "Elizabeth's Religious Settlement, planned meticulously by her chief ministers William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon and already drafted in the first weeks of her reign, made no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility. There was no question of offering it for inspection by the overwhelmingly Catholic clerical assemblies.... This meant delay until April 1559, when two Catholic bishops were arrested on trumped-up charges and the loss of their parliamentary votes resulted in a tiny majority for the government's bills to pass the House of Lords." MacCulloch, p. 280.〕 In 1570 Pope Pius V responded, in his papal bull ''Regnans in Excelsis'', calling on all Catholics to rebel against Elizabeth and excommunicating anyone who obeyed her. The Parliament of England made the fact of being a Jesuit or seminarian treasonable in 1571. Priests found celebrating Mass were often hanged, drawn and quartered, rather than being burned at the stake.〔Cullen Murphy (2012) ''God's Jury: the Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World'' (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt), p. 194.〕 The Catholic Church (along with other non-established churches) continued in England, although it was at times subject to various forms of persecution. Most recusant members (except those in diaspora on the Continent, in heavily Catholic areas in the north, or part of the aristocracy) practised their faith in private for all practical purposes. In 1766, the Pope recognised the English Monarchy as lawful, and this led eventually to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 and decades later to the Restoration of the English hierarchy. Dioceses (replacing districts) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850. Apart from the 22 Latin Rite dioceses, there is the Eastern Catholic diocese of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London.
In the 2001 United Kingdom census, there were 4.2 million Roman Catholics in England and Wales, some eight per cent of the population. One hundred years earlier, in 1901, they had represented only 4.8 per cent of the population. In 1981, 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Roman Catholic.〔(Catholic population from 1901 to 2001 )〕 In 2009 an Ipsos Mori poll found that 9.6 per cent, or 5.2 million English and Welsh were Catholic.〔("Numbers Game", ''The Tablet'' 31 October 2009, 16. )〕 Sizeable populations include North West England where one in five is Catholic, a result of large-scale Irish immigration in the nineteenth century〔(Great Britain, Statistics by Diocese, by Catholic Population )〕〔Kevin Phillips, ''The Cousins' Wars'' (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 480–84. Phillips notes: "The subjugation (the Irish ) of the seventeenth century was almost complete.... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century (the Treaty of Union ), Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register. Catholics lost their right to vote, hold office, own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds, or live in towns without paying special fees... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands, an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries."〕 as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire.
==History==
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